Canker sores (Aphthous ulcers) are mouth ulcers with a round or oval shape, appearing white or pale yellow, ranging in size from 1 millimeter to over 1 centimeter. They may occur as a single sore or multiple sores, causing pain and irritation while eating or drinking.

What Are the Risk Factors for Canker Sores?

Risk factors that cause canker sores include:

• Stress.

• Inadequate rest.

• Genetics.

• Viral or bacterial infections.

• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid).

• Allergies to certain foods.

• Consumption of highly acidic foods (e.g., lemons).

• Hormonal changes in the body, especially in women before or during menstruation.

• Immune system diseases (e.g., HIV, Behçet’s disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis).

• Ill-fitting braces or dentures causing oral irritation.

How to Treat Canker Sores

• Eat soft, easy-to-chew foods. Avoid greasy, spicy, extremely cold, or hot foods.

• Quit smoking and avoid alcohol.

• Get sufficient rest and drink plenty of water.

• Avoid stress.

• Maintain oral hygiene: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and rinse your mouth with saltwater after every meal.

• Apply topical medications to relieve symptoms, such as corticosteroid creams or local anesthetics.

• Use antibiotics if there is an infection.

• Take vitamin and iron supplements for patients with nutritional deficiencies.

• Treat underlying immune system disorders.

• For severe canker sores that do not improve with initial treatment, doctors may consider electrocautery.

Most canker sores heal on their own within 2 weeks. If symptoms do not improve within 2 weeks, the sores grow larger, or recur frequently, seek medical attention immediately. This could indicate underlying causes such as infections, oral cancer, or immune system disorders.

Prevention:
Maintain oral hygiene, avoid stress, and address nutritional deficiencies. Early treatment reduces complications!