What is Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)?

Congenital heart disease refers to structural heart abnormalities present at birth, occurring during fetal development. It affects 6–8 out of every 1,000 newborns and is a leading cause of early pregnancy miscarriage. Some infants show no symptoms at birth, with issues detected later during routine check-ups, vaccinations, or when severe symptoms arise.

Causes of Congenital Heart Disease

The exact cause is often unknown, but potential factors include:

• Genetic predisposition.

• Maternal health/behavior during pregnancy:

  • Rubella (German measles) infection.

  • Diabetes.

  • Alcohol consumption.

  • Use of vitamin A derivatives (e.g., acne medications like isotretinoin).

Key Symptoms of CHD

• Cyanosis: Bluish skin, lips, or mucous membranes (e.g., mouth).

• Feeding difficulties: Prolonged feeding time, frequent pauses during feeding.

• Respiratory issues: Rapid breathing, flaring nostrils, rib retractions.

• Fatigue and poor growth: Failure to thrive, low energy.

• Cardiovascular signs: Heart palpitations, cold extremities, weak/rapid pulse.

• Shock: Pale skin, lethargy, decreased responsiveness.

Management and Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect:

1. Medication: To manage symptoms (e.g., heart failure, arrhythmias).

2. Surgery: Corrective or palliative procedures, including open-heart surgery or catheter-based interventions.