What Is Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in the brainstem, leading to reduced production of dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter. This results in movement abnormalities such as tremors, slowed movements, and rigidity. It primarily affects older adults, typically those over 50 years old. Without treatment, patients may face significant challenges in daily life.

The 5 Stages of Parkinson’s Disease

1. Stage 1: Initial symptoms include resting tremors (e.g., in fingers or arms) and muscle aches in the arms, legs, or torso.

2. Stage 2: Symptoms spread to the other side of the body. Patients develop a stooped posture, slow movements, or a forward-leaning gait.

3. Stage 3: Balance issues emerge, increasing fall risks. Standing up becomes difficult.

4. Stage 4: Tremors lessen, but stiffness and bradykinesia (extreme slowness of movement) worsen. Patients require close supervision due to high fall risk and inability to stand independently.

5. Stage 5: Severe muscle rigidity leaves patients bedridden. Symptoms include:

   • Curled hands/feet.

   • Soft, monotone speech.

   • Loss of facial expression.

   • Difficulty swallowing, leading to weight loss.

   • Restricted chest movement, raising respiratory infection risks.

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease
The exact cause of dopamine depletion remains unclear, though potential factors include:

• Medications: Long-term use of drugs like anti-dizziness, anti-nausea, antipsychotics, or sedatives.

• Brain abnormalities: Stroke, brain hemorrhage, oxygen deprivation, encephalitis, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, or head trauma.

• Genetics: 10–15% of cases have a hereditary link.

Treatment Options
While there is no cure, treatments aim to manage symptoms and slow progression:

1. Medications: Dopamine-enhancing drugs (e.g., levodopa) to improve motor function.

2. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Surgical implantation of electrodes to stimulate brain regions. Used when medications lose effectiveness.

   • Note: Treatment plans are tailored to individual patient needs by specialists.

Conclusion
Early diagnosis and tailored care are crucial for improving quality of life in Parkinson’s patients. Regular neurological evaluations and adherence to treatment can help manage symptoms effectively.